1.Classification ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov motors thiab kev lag luam tsav tsheb
Muaj ntau hom, nrog cov duab hloov tau thiab qhov ntau thiab tsawg. Raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev muaj zog, cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb hom: cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov, cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov, thiab cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov. Ntawm lawv, cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov motors feem ntau muab faib ua synchronous, DC, thiab stepper.
1) Permanent magnet synchronous lub cev muaj zog:
Cov qauv stator thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ua haujlwm zoo ib yam nrog cov tsoos AC asynchronous motors. Vim nws txoj kev ua haujlwm siab thiab kev ua haujlwm siab, nws tau tsim sai heev nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, maj mam hloov cov tsoos AC asynchronous motors, thiab siv dav hauv kev lag luam automation, tshuab cuab yeej, luam ntawv, textiles, kho mob thiab lwm yam.
2) Cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov DC lub cev muaj zog:
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ua haujlwm thiab cov qauv zoo ib yam li cov qauv ntawm DC motors. Raws li txoj kev sib txawv, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua brushed (mechanical commutation) thiab brushless (electronic commutation). Nws yog dav siv hauv tsheb fais fab, cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob, khoom siv hauv tsev thiab lwm yam.
3) Permanent magnet stepper lub cev muaj zog:
Nws siv cov kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov magnetic teb generated los ntawm cov hlau nplaum tas mus li thiab rotating magnetic teb generated los ntawm stator kom ua tiav cov kauj ruam yooj yim. Nws muaj qhov zoo ntawm high precision, ceev teb ceev, thiab lub zog txuag, thiab yog dav siv nyob rau hauv precision instruments, automated ntau lawm kab, khoom kho mob thiab lwm yam teb.
1.1 Kev tsav tsheb
1.1.1 Product side
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau nplaum tas mus li yog qhov yooj yim, thiab lub cev muaj zog poob qis heev. Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov tshuab hluav taws xob ib txwm siv hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau tso siab rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab nraud los tsim cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob, muab lub zog pib, thiab tom qab ntawd tso siab rau lawv tus kheej qhov hluav taws xob tso zis ua haujlwm. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov yog qhov yooj yim, thiab cov hlau nplaum tsuas yog yuav tsum tau muab los ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov.
Piv nrog cov tsoos motors, qhov zoo ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov motors yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv: ① qis stator poob; ② tsis muaj rotor tooj liab poob; ③ tsis muaj rotor hlau poob; ④ Tsawg cua kev sib txhuam. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov motors yog cov hlau nplaum hlau tsis tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev muaj zog raug txo los yog muab pov tseg vim demagnetization, kev ua haujlwm kub ntawm lub cev yuav tsum tau tswj kom tsim nyog.
Cov nyhuv txuag hluav taws xob yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab kev ua haujlwm tag nrho yog txhim kho. Hauv qab no, peb ua ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas kev ua tau zoo los ntawm kev paub qhov txawv ntawm lub cev muaj zog thiab cov khoom siv raw khoom:
1) Hais txog lub cev muaj zog
peb xaiv cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov synchronous motors rau kev sib piv nrog rau lwm cov tsoos motors, ntawm cov uas hloov tsis kam motors, synchronous reluctance motors, thiab cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov motors yog tag nrho cov synchronous motors. Ua ke nrog cov ntsuas, txij li cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov motors tsis tas yuav muaj cov txhuam hniav thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, lawv muaj kev ua haujlwm siab dua thiab lub zog ceev dua li cov motors ib txwm muaj. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm overload muaj peev xwm, tshwj tsis yog rau DC motors, uas kuj muaj tsawg, lwm hom tsis txawv ntau. Qhov ua tau zoo thiab lub zog ntawm cov hlau nplaum tas mus li yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws, nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm 85-97%. Txawm hais tias me me motors feem ntau tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau dua 80%, cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov muaj qhov zoo dua piv rau 40-60% kev ua haujlwm ntawm asynchronous motors. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub hwj chim, nws muaj peev xwm ncav cuag ntau tshaj 0.95, qhia tau hais tias qhov feem pua ntawm cov active tam sim no feem ntawm cov hlau nplaum nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tam sim no yog ntau dua li ntawm lwm yam, thiab lub zog siv tus nqi siab dua.
2)Raws li cov ntaub ntawv raw ntawm lub cev muaj zog
Raws li lub zog sib nqus thiab kev txhim kho theem ntawm cov khoom siv hlau nplaum ruaj khov siv hauv lub cev muaj zog, cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg: hlau, ferrite, thiab lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj. Ntawm lawv, ferrite thiab tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov motors yog tam sim no siv ntau dua.
Piv nrog rau cov tsoos motors, tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov motors muaj cov qauv yooj yim dua thiab qis dua tus nqi. Kev siv cov hlau nplaum tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb tuaj yeem ua rau cov huab cua sib nqus sib nqus, ua kom lub cev muaj zog kom zoo tshaj plaws, thiab txhim kho lub zog-rau-qhov hnyav piv. Daim ntawv thov teb yog qhov dav. Qhov tsuas yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov hlau nplaum tas mus li yog lawv cov nqi siab. Noj cov nqi ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj zog hlau nplaum motors ua piv txwv, nws feem ntau yog ntau tshaj 2.5 npaug ntau dua li cov tsoos motors.
1.1.2 Txoj cai sab
Txoj cai tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhawb nqa kev tsim cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov.
1) Kev lag luam hlau nplaum ruaj khov tau ntsib txoj kev loj hlob sai los ntawm cov cai.
Raws li cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov motors, kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis thiab kev nyiam ntawm cov hlau nplaum tas mus li muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, tsoomfwv tau siv cov kev ntsuas cuam tshuam txog kev txhawb nqa kev lag luam, kev txhawb nqa txoj cai thiab cov qauv tsim los txhawb kev nthuav dav ntawm cov khoom siv hlau nplaum ruaj khov thiab txhawb kev txhim kho thiab nthuav dav ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov.
2) Txhawb kev loj hlob muaj peev xwm raws li qhov kev thov rau kev txuag hluav taws xob thiab txo qis emission.
Nrog rau Tuam Tshoj txoj kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev txuag hluav taws xob thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov hlau nplaum txuas mus tas li tau nce hauv txoj hauv kev loj hlob. Txij li thaum tsim lub teb chaws tus qauv tshiab hauv 2020, Tuam Tshoj tsis tsim cov motors hauv qab tus qauv thoob ntiaj teb IE3, thiab raug yuam kom siv cov khoom siv tau zoo dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, "Energy Efficiency Improvement Plan" tau tshaj tawm xyoo 2021 thiab 2022 tau hais tias xyoo 2023, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txuag hluav taws xob txhua xyoo yuav yog 170 lab kilowatts, thiab feem ntau ntawm cov hluav taws xob txuag hluav taws xob hauv kev pabcuam. yuav tshaj 20%; Nyob rau hauv 2025, qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov tshiab high-efficiency zog-txuag motors yuav tshaj 70%. Muab xam ntawm qhov piv ntawm 1 kilowatt-teev: 0.33 kilograms, nws yog sib npaug rau txuag 15 lab tons ntawm cov qauv thee thiab txo cov pa roj carbon dioxide emissions los ntawm 28 lab tons hauv ib xyoos, uas yuav tsum tau tsav cov hlau nplaum mus tas li mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev loj hlob sai. .
2.Kev soj ntsuam ntawm Permanent Magnet Motor Industry Chain
Saib mus rau sab saud ntawm tag nrho cov kev lag luam saw, peb yuav pom tias cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov muaj xws li ntau yam khoom sib nqus (xws li neodymium hlau boron hlau nplaum, cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov, samarium cobalt, aluminium nickel cobalt, thiab lwm yam. .), tooj liab, hlau, cov ntaub ntawv rwb thaiv tsev thiab txhuas, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib nqus zoo yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev tsim cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov. Rau kev lag luam hauv qab ntawm cov hlau nplaum tas mus li kev lag luam, nws feem ntau yog ntau yam kawg daim ntawv thov teb, suav nrog cua zog, lub zog tshiab, aerospace, textile kev lag luam, dej kho, thiab lwm yam. nyob rau hauv lub davhlau ya nyob twg daim ntawv thov kev lag luam yuav tsum tau ntxiv txhawb cov loj-scale zus tau tej cov hlau nplaum motors mus tas li.
2.1 Upstream: Cov khoom siv hlau nplaum zoo ua rau tus nqi, suav txog ntau dua 25%
Cov khoom siv nyiaj ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov nqi, ntawm cov khoom siv hlau nplaum ua lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev muaj zog. Cov khoom siv raw khoom ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov feem ntau suav nrog cov khoom sib nqus (xws li neodymium hlau boron hlau nplaum, cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov ferrites, samarium cobalt, aluminium nickel cobalt, thiab lwm yam), silicon steel nplooj, tooj liab, hlau, txhuas, thiab lwm yam. silicon steel los xij thiab tooj liab yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv raw khoom, suav txog ntau dua 50% ntawm tus nqi. Txawm hais tias raws li tus nqi qauv ntawm cov tsoos motors, qhov pib yuav khoom, kev teeb tsa thiab kev saib xyuas cov nqi ntawm lub cev muaj zog tsuas yog 2.70% ntawm tag nrho lub neej voj voog ntawm lub cev muaj zog, vim yog cov khoom lag luam, kev sib tw thiab kev lag luam muaj koob npe, lub cev muaj zog manufacturers. them nyiaj zoo rau cov khoom siv raw.
1) Cov khoom sib nqus:Cov hlau nplaum tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb muaj cov khoom sib nqus zoo heev thiab tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm siab thiab siv zog siab. NdFeB thiab cobalt hlau nplaum yog qhov tseem ceeb tsis tshua muaj kev siv hauv ntiaj teb hauv cov khoom siv hlau nplaum ruaj khov. Vim yog Tuam Tshoj cov nplua nuj tsawg hauv ntiaj teb reserves, zus tau tej cov NdFeB suav txog li 90% ntawm lub ntiaj teb tag nrho. Txij li xyoo 2008, Tuam Tshoj cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov lub cev muaj zog ntau lawm tau nce sai, maj mam dhau los ua lub ntiaj teb cov neeg tsim khoom loj, thiab qhov kev thov rau NdFeB raw cov ntaub ntawv tau nce ob npaug ntawm 2008 thiab 2020. Vim qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv hauv ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj, kev tsim thiab kev ua ntawm NdFeB kuj tseem muaj. nyuaj, yog li tus nqi ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov motors siab dua li ntawm cov tsoos motors. Cov khoom siv hlau nplaum feem ntau suav txog li 30% ntawm tag nrho cov nqi.
2) Silicon steel ntawv:Feem ntau yog siv los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov. Vim cov txheej txheem npaj complex, nws cov nqi kuj yog siab heev. Silicon steel daim ntawv suav txog li 20% ntawm tag nrho cov nqi.
3) tooj liab:Feem ntau yog siv los ua cov khoom siv ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov, suav txog li 15% ntawm tag nrho cov nqi.
4) Hlau:Feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov qauv thiab cov khoom siv plhaub ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov, suav txog li 10% ntawm tag nrho cov nqi.
5) Aluminium:Feem ntau yog siv los ua cov dab dej kub, qhov kawg npog thiab lwm yam khoom cua sov dissipation.
6) Cov khoom siv thiab cov cuab yeej siv:accounting txog li 15% ntawm tag nrho cov nqi.
2.2 Hauv qab: Ntau qhov chaw tab tom npaj ua kom muaj zog, thiab muaj peev xwm loj hauv kev lag luam tab tom tos kom rub tawm
Cov hlau nplaum tas mus li tam sim no tau siv dav hauv ntau qhov chaw thiab thoob plaws ntau qhov kev lag luam. Txog tam sim no, cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov motors tau ntse nkag mus rau hauv tsheb, khoom siv hauv tsev, kev lag luam automation thiab lwm yam kev lag luam, ua rau muaj kev txhawb zog rau kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev lag luam nthuav dav. Tsis tas li ntawd, muab nws qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam, kev lag luam xws li petrochemicals, roj thiab roj, metallurgy, thiab hluav taws xob kuj tau pib maj mam siv cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, raws li kev lag luam tiam sis tsom ntau rau kev txawj ntse, automation, thiab kev txuag hluav taws xob, daim ntawv thov ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov motors nyob rau hauv ntau yam downstream fields yuav muaj peev xwm loj thiab txuas ntxiv kom muaj kev loj hlob sai.
3.Permanent Magnet Motor Market Analysis
3.1 Txog kev xa khoom thiab kev thov
Tsav los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub zog tshiab, kev thov tau loj hlob sai. Tuam Tshoj lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj hlau nplaum lub cev muaj zog cov tuam txhab tsim khoom lag luam feem ntau yog muab faib rau hauv Tuam Tshoj Sab Hnub Tuaj thiab Sab Qab Teb Tuam Tshoj, uas yog cov nplua nuj nyob hauv ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj peev txheej thiab muaj lub hauv paus muaj zog. Muaj kev xav tau muaj zog rau cov hlau nplaum tas mus li, uas yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov saw hlau ua tiav. Los ntawm 2015 mus rau 2021, Tuam Tshoj lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj zog hlau nplaum lub cev muaj zog tso tawm tau nce los ntawm 768 lab units mus rau 1.525 billion units, nrog rau kev loj hlob txhua xyoo ntawm 12.11%, ho ntau tshaj qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm micromotors (cov motors nrog lub cheeb ntawm tsawg dua 160mm los yog rated zog tsawg dua 750mW) ntawm 3.94%.
Ua tsaug rau txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm lub zog tshiab, qhov kev thov rau cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov chaw qis qis xws li cua zog thiab hluav taws xob tsheb tau nce sai heev nyob rau xyoo tas los no. Nyob rau hauv 2021 thiab 2022, Tuam Tshoj qhov kev thov rau lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj hlau nplaum lub cev muaj zog yuav yog 1.193 billion units thiab 1.283 billion units, feem, ib xyoos ib zaug nce ntawm 7.54%.
3.2 Txog Kev Lag Luam Loj
Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam ruaj khov hlau nplaum lub cev muaj zog tau qhia txog kev loj hlob muaj zog, thiab kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov chaw qis qis tau txhawb kev lag luam muaj peev xwm. Nyob rau hauv ob peb xyoos dhau los, lub ntiaj teb no mus tas li hlau nplaum lub cev muaj zog ua lag luam tau tuav ruaj khov kev loj hlob thiab qhia ib tug optimistic txoj kev loj hlob qauv. Hauv xyoo 2022, kev lag luam loj tau mus txog US $ 48.58 billion, nce xyoo ib xyoos ntawm 7.96%. Nws yog kwv yees tias los ntawm 2027, lub ntiaj teb no mus tas li hlau nplaum tsav lub lag luam yuav ncav cuag US $ 71.22 billion, nrog ib tug compound txhua xyoo kev loj hlob tus nqi ntawm 7.95%. Tsav los ntawm cov dej ntws qis xws li lub zog tshiab tsheb, lub tshuab cua txias sib txawv, thiab lub zog cua, Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam hlau nplaum ruaj khov tau qhia txog kev loj hlob sai. Tam sim no, cov khoom lag luam nrog lub zog ntau ntawm 25-100KW tswj hwm lub khw.
Kev ua lag luam tseem loj hlob tsis tu ncua, thiab Tuam Tshoj yog tus thawj coj hauv kev txhim kho kev lag luam no. Nrog rau kev txhim kho cov khoom siv hlau nplaum ruaj khov thiab kev nce qib ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob, kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov yuav tuav kev loj hlob tsis tu ncua. Tuam Tshoj yuav txuas ntxiv tuav nws cov thawj coj ua lag luam. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, kev koom ua ke ntawm Yangtze River Delta, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm thaj av sab hnub poob, kev hloov khoom dua tshiab, thiab kev txhawb nqa txoj cai yuav muab lub zog muaj zog rau daim ntawv thov loj ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov nyob hauv Suav lag luam.
4.Ntiaj teb kev sib tw toj roob hauv pes ntawm Permanent Magnet Motors
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm mus tas li hlau nplaum motors nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, Tuam Tshoj, lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Nyiv tau dhau los ua cov thawj coj nyob rau hauv high-end, precision thiab lub tshiab ruaj khov hlau nplaum motors nrog lawv cov xyoo ntawm kev tsim thiab cov technologies tseem ceeb.
Tuam Tshoj tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov, thiab nws qhov kev sib tw tau nce ntxiv.
Hais txog kev teeb tsa hauv cheeb tsam, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hunan thiab Anhui tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam hlau nplaum ruaj khov, muaj kev lag luam loj heev.
Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, lub ntiaj teb no mus tas li hlau nplaum lub cev muaj zog kev lag luam yuav ua rau muaj kev sib tw hnyav dua, thiab Tuam Tshoj, raws li lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam muaj zog tshaj plaws thiab muaj peev xwm, yuav ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem no.
5.Introduction to Anhui Mingteng Permanent Magnet Tsav
Anhui Mingteng Permanent-Magnetic Machinery & Hluav Taws Xob Khoom Co., Ltd.https://www.mingtengmotor.com/) tau tsim nyob rau lub Kaum Hlis 18, 2007 nrog rau npe peev ntawm RMB 144 lab. Nws nyob hauv Shuangfeng Economic Development Zone, Hefei City, Anhui Province. Nws yog ib lub tuam txhab high-tech niaj hnub ua ke nrog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho, kev tsim khoom, kev muag khoom thiab kev pabcuam.
Lub tuam txhab yeej ib txwm tsom rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim khoom. Nws muaj ib tug mus tas li hlau nplaum lub cev muaj zog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob pab neeg ntawm ntau tshaj 40 tus neeg thiab tau tsim kom muaj kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev kev sib raug zoo nrog rau cov tsev kawm ntawv, cov tsev kawm ntawv tshawb fawb thiab cov tuam txhab loj hauv lub xeev. Pab pawg R & D tau txais kev tsim lub cev muaj zog niaj hnub thiab kev tsim qauv tsim tshuab siab heev. Tom qab ntau tshaj kaum xyoo ntawm kev koom ua ke, nws tau tsim ze li ntawm 2,000 qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov xws li cov pa, sib txawv zaus, tawg-pov thawj, sib txawv zaus tawg-pov thawj, tsav ncaj qha, thiab tawg-pov thawj ncaj tsav series. Nws nkag siab txog kev xav tau ntawm ntau yam khoom siv tsav tsheb hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam thiab tau paub ntau tus qauv tsim, tsim, kuaj, thiab siv cov ntaub ntawv.
Mingteng lub siab thiab tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob ruaj khov hlau nplaum lub cev muaj zog tau ua tiav ntawm ntau yam khoom xws li kiv cua, twj tso kua mis, siv conveyors, pob zeb, mixers, crushers, scrapers, roj twj, spinning machine, thiab lwm yam nyob rau hauv ntau yam xws li mining, steel. , thiab hluav taws xob, ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo txuag hluav taws xob thiab tau txais kev qhuas dav.
Mingteng ib txwm hais kom muaj kev ywj pheej tshiab, ua raws li txoj cai ntawm "cov khoom lag luam thawj zaug, kev tswj hwm thawj zaug, cov kev pabcuam thawj zaug, thiab cov npe thawj zaug", tailoring ntse ntse hlau nplaum lub cev muaj zog lub zog txuag tag nrho cov kev daws teeb meem rau cov neeg siv. , tsim lub tshuab hlau nplaum ruaj khov R & D thiab daim ntawv thov kev tsim kho tshiab nrog Suav cuam tshuam, thiab siv zog los ua tus thawj coj thiab tus qauv tsim nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj hlau nplaum lub cev muaj zog kev lag luam.
Copyright: Kab lus no yog rov luam tawm ntawm thawj qhov txuas:
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/PF9VseLCkGkGywbmr2Jfkw
Kab lus no tsis sawv cev rau peb lub tuam txhab txoj kev xav. Yog tias koj muaj kev xav lossis kev xav, thov kho peb!
Post lub sij hawm: Sep-27-2024